Nuclear Reaction

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All of E-c students from myanmar.
Learning is as follow;

Chapter 7—Nuclear Reactions
7-3
At high enough excitation energies, a nucleus can undergo a series of normal modes of
collective oscillations called giant resonances. The nucleus rings like a bell at distinct
frequencies with all the nucleons participating and sharing the excitation energy.
Fusion reactions are the combining of two nuclei to form a more massive nucleus.
Many fusion reactions release large amounts of energy. An example is the combining of two
isotopes of hydrogen (tritium and deuterium) to form helium and a neutron plus a large amount
of kinetic energy in the reaction products:
3H + 2H Æ 4He + n + 17.6 MeV.
This reaction as a potential electric power source is discussed in Chapter 14. Another example
of fusion is the reaction set that powers the Sun and other low-mass stars:
1H + 1H Æ 2H + e+ + ne,
2H + 1H Æ 3He + g,
3He + 3He Æ 4He +1H + 1H.
The net energy output from this chain is 26.7 MeV for each helium-4 nucleus formed.
Neutron-induced fission of massive nuclei into two lower-mass nuclei plus neutrons is
also an energy source for power generation. This topic is discussed in Chapter 14.
Compound nucleus formation is a reaction in which two nuclei combine into a single
excited nucleus; the excited nucleus lives for a relatively long time and “forgets” how it was
formed. The decay from this state of excitation is by “evaporation” of nucleons from the
heated liquid drop of the compound nucleus, by gamma decay, or by fission of the compound
nucleus. The statistical nature of this process teaches us about the average properties of excited
states of complex nuclei.
Multifragmentation reactions, in which high-energy nuclei collide with other nuclei, are a
method of creating nuclear matter in unusual conditions of density and excitation energy. These
states may be in a different phase from normal nuclei and be characteristic of the matter in the
early universe.
The fundamental force between nucleons in nuclei is dominated by the exchange of p
mesons (pions). When these particles are created in high-energy proton reactions, they can be
used to bombard nuclear targets. When the pion interacts with a nucleus, it forms a resonance
with one of the bound nucleons. The resonance is shifted and broadened compared to the
reaction on a free nucleon. These changes reflect the influence of the neighboring nucleons.
When nucleons are flung at one another, they can mesh briefly. During the time they are
one nucleus, the quarks in the nucleons can interact with one another as if they were free
particles. As with Rutherford scattering, an investigation of the angle that a particle is scattered
gives information about the conditions inside the nucleons.

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